62 posts on engineering, architecture, and technical craft.
Eight authentication and authorization methods, one decision tree. Here is the comparison matrix, production combination patterns, and pre-launch security checklist that turns auth knowledge into shipping decisions.
11 min readNot all hashes are created equal. Here is how SHA-256, bcrypt, scrypt, and Argon2id actually work under the hood — the math, the memory, the attacks they resist, and exactly when to use each one.
21 min readStop shipping Mermaid.js to your readers. Render diagrams to SVG at build time with rehype-mermaid and Playwright, cutting ~1MB of client-side JavaScript to zero.
7 min readMost Python backend projects start clean and become unmaintainable. Here is the folder layout and naming convention that keeps a FastAPI + SQLAlchemy codebase navigable at any size.
7 min readPython's ABC machinery adds inheritance overhead you do not need. Protocols give you structural subtyping — type-safe duck typing with zero coupling between your repository interfaces and implementations.
8 min readWrap your database access behind a clean interface. The Repository pattern decouples business logic from SQLAlchemy, makes testing trivial, and gives you a single place to optimize queries.
8 min readScattered try/except blocks and generic 500 errors signal a system that was not designed. Here is how to define domain exceptions, translate them to HTTP responses, and give your API clients errors they can act on.
7 min readRepositories fetch data. API routes handle HTTP. Business logic belongs in neither. The Service Layer is the missing middle that keeps both clean and testable.
7 min readFastAPI's Depends() is the most underused tool in the framework. Here is how to use it to wire repositories, services, and authentication into your route handlers with no global state and no service locator pattern.
7 min readasyncio.gather() is not always the answer. Here is when to parallelize database calls, when NOT to, and how to avoid the most common SQLAlchemy async session mistakes that cause subtle production bugs.
9 min read